Hla mus rau cov ntsiab lus
Ok Pauv Reform

acidic thiab pH yooj yim txhais li cas?

Acid thiab pH yooj yim: Paub qhov tseem ceeb thiab nws txhais li cas kom tau txais ib qho nqi lossis lwm qhov nyob ntawm seb qhov kev daws teeb meem twg (tshwj xeeb yog tsom rau cov pas dej da dej).

Acid thiab pH theories
Acid-base theories ntawm pH

En Ok Pauv Reform, nyob rau hauv nqe lus no nyob rau hauv lub pH theem pas ua luam dej Peb yuav daws cov lus nug hauv qab no: acidic thiab pH yooj yim txhais li cas?

Dab tsi yog pH hauv lub pas dej thiab yuav ua li cas nws qib?

pas dej pH theem

Lub pas dej pH yog dab tsi thiab yuav tswj nws li cas

ph pas dej loj

Qhov pH zoo tagnrho txhais li cas rau cov pas dej da dej (7,2-7,4)

Lub ntsiab lus pH sawv cev rau qhov muaj peev xwm hydrogen thiab yog ib qho kev ntsuas uas qhia txog acidity lossis qhov pib ntawm dej.

Yog li ntawd, pH yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm hydrogen, tus nqi uas sib haum mus rau qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen ions hauv dej hauv koj lub pas dej ua ke thiab yog li ntawd cov coefficient uas qhia txog qib acidity lossis theem pib ntawm cov dej. Yog li, pH yog tus saib xyuas qhia qhov concentration ntawm H + ions hauv dej, txiav txim siab nws cov kua qaub lossis cov cim tseem ceeb.

Scale ntawm pH qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub pas dej da dej

alkaline ph hauv pas dej
Yog vim li cas rau qhov zoo tshaj pH theem mismatch nyob rau hauv lub pas dej ua ke
Scale ntawm pH qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub pas dej da dej

Cov txiaj ntsig dab tsi hauv pas dej da dej pH ntsuas ntsuas suav nrog?

  • Qhov ntsuas pH suav nrog cov nqi ntawm 0 txog 14.
  • Tshwj xeeb yog 0 qhov acidic tshaj plaws, 14 qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab muab qhov nruab nrab pH ntawm 7.
  • Qhov ntsuas no yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov dawb hydrogen ions (H +) hauv cov khoom.
Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau pH?
Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau pH?

Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau pH?

pH yog ib qho kev ntsuas siv los qhia cov acidity los yog hauv paus ntawm cov kua dej aqueous. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj aqueous reacts li cov kua qaub los yog lub hauv paus nyob ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen ions (H +).

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov dej ntshiab huv thiab nruab nrab muaj qee cov hydrogen ions vim nws tus kheej dissociation ntawm dej.

H_2O \longleftrightarrow H^+ + OH^-

Nws paub tias ntawm qhov sib npaug raws li tus qauv (750 mmHg thiab 25 ° C), 1 L ntawm cov dej ntshiab muaj 10^{-7} mole H^+ y 10^{-7} mole OH^- ions, yog li ntawd, dej ntawm tus qauv kub thiab siab (STP) muaj pH ntawm 7.

Yuav ua li cas thaum pH ntawm peb lub pas dej tsis tswj hwm

siab ph pool fallout

Paub qhov pH siab ntawm pas dej ua ke thiab ua rau muaj pH siab hauv koj lub pas dej

yuav ua li cas txo ph ntawm lub pas dej

Yuav ua li cas kom txo tau qhov siab lossis Alkaline pas dej pH

Cov lus qhia txog yuav ua li cas kho pas dej ua ke ntxiv rau pH: dej tu thiab tshuaj tua kab mob

Yuav ua li cas yuav pH ntawm ib tug tov?

pH ntawm kev daws
pH ntawm kev daws

pH ntawm kev daws

pH sawv cev rau "hydrogen peev xwm" lossis "lub zog ntawm hydrogen." Lub pH yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub hauv paus 10 logarithm ntawm hydrogen ion kev ua.
\ce {pH} = -\log_{10}(a_{\ce {H^+}})=\log10}\left(\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {H^+ }}}} }}\tau)

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov teeb meem tshuaj feem ntau peb tsis siv cov dej num ntawm hydrogen ions, tab sis cov molar concentration lossis molarity.

qhov sib txawv ntawm ph thiab poh tus nqi

Cov kev daws teeb meem pH sib txawv li cas

Yuav pib nrog, koj yuav tsum paub tias pH nplai yog logarithmic.

Yog li ntawd, nws txhais tau hais tias qhov sib txawv los ntawm ib qho kev sib txawv los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj, los yog kaum zaus thiab inversely qhia qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Yog li, pH qis dua qhia tias muaj ntau dua ntawm hydrogen ions thiab rov ua dua.

acidic thiab pH yooj yim txhais li cas?

Dab tsi yog acid thiab base compounds hauv pH

Cov kua qaub muaj zog thiab cov hauv paus muaj zog yog cov sib txuas uas, rau txhua lub hom phiaj, ua kom tiav rau hauv lawv cov ions hauv dej.

Yog li cov concentration ntawm hydrogen ions hauv cov kev daws teeb meem no tuaj yeem suav tias yog sib npaug ntawm cov kua qaub.

Kev xam pH ua tau yooj yim
pH=-log_{10}[H^+]

Kev suav ntawm pH siv molar concentration yog txawv rau cov kua qaub / puag thiab tsis muaj zog acid / puag.

Acid, nruab nrab thiab alkaline pH qhov tseem ceeb

Kev faib tawm ntawm qhov ntsuas pH tus nqi

pH ntsuas
pH ntsuas

Dab tsi yog cov nqi pH

pas ph
yog ph pisci6

Lub pH nplai mus los ntawm 1 txog 14, nrog pH 7 yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem nruab nrab.

Yog li, nws hloov tawm tias pH yog tus nqi uas tau hais tawm ntawm qhov ntsuas logarithmic nruab nrab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb 0 (tsis tshua muaj acidic) thiab 14 (alkaline heev); Hauv nruab nrab peb pom tus nqi 7 cataloged li nruab nrab.

pH scale universal pH qhia

pH scale universal pH qhia
pH scale universal pH qhia

Nws txhais li cas tias cov khoom muaj acidic lossis alkaline pH?

Dab tsi yog acids thiab bases?

Cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus yog cov khoom uas muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab txawv ntawm lawv qib pH, uas yog, los ntawm lawv qib acidity lossis alkalinity. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm seb cov khoom puas yog acidic lossis alkaline yog tswj hwm los ntawm qib acidity lossis alkalinity ntsuas los ntawm pH nplai thiab thaj tsam ntawm 0 ( acidic heev mus rau 14 (tsis tshua muaj alkaline). txawm li cas los xij muaj ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tib neeg siv.

Yuav ua li cas cov ntsiab lus raug cais raws li qhov ntsuas pH qhov tseem ceeb

Kev faib tawm cov khoom hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkalines raws li pH tus nqi

Ib yam li ntawd, acidity thiab alkalinity yog ob nqe lus uas teb rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm txhua lub caij.

pas ph value txhais li cas
pas ph value txhais li cas
  • Ib yam li ntawd, peb hais ntxiv, Lub pH nplai mus los ntawm 1 txog 14, nrog pH 7 yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem nruab nrab.
  • Yog tias pH tsawg dua 7, cov tshuaj yog acidic., cov kua qaub ntau dua qhov pH tus nqi qis vim li ntawd a kua qaub yog cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm pub dawb protons (H+) mus rau lwm yam tshuaj.
  • Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias pH ntau dua 7, cov tshuaj hu ua yooj yim (los yog alkaline) thiab nws yuav yog txhua yam yooj yim dua nws cov pH; thiab raws li tau qhia puag yog cov tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm ntes tau protons (H+) ntawm lwm yam tshuaj.

Dab tsi yog alkaline lossis yooj yim raws li pH nplai

scale ph nqi khoom
scale ph nqi khoom

Cov tshuaj acidic yog dab tsi?

  • acid pH: pH tsawg dua 7
Nws txhais li cas tias tus nqi pH yog acidic?
  • Hais tias ib yam khoom yog acidic txhais tau hais tias nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv H+ (hydrogen ions): pH ntau dua 7
  • Vim li no, Acids yog cov khoom uas muaj pH tsawg dua 7. (pH ntawm dej sib npaug li 7, suav tias yog nruab nrab), uas nws chemistry feem ntau muaj cov hydrogen ions ntau thaum ntxiv dej. Lawv feem ntau hnov ​​​​mob nrog lwm yam tshuaj los ntawm kev poob protons (H+).

Dab tsi yog cov khoom nruab nrab?

  • Nruab nrab pH tus nqi: pH sib npaug rau 7-
Nws txhais li cas tias pH tus nqi nruab nrab?
  • pH yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm acidic/basic dej.
  • Qhov ntau yog los ntawm 0 txog 14, nrog 7 yog nruab nrab.

Cov tshuaj alkaline yog dab tsi?

  • Cov khoom uas muaj lub hauv paus lossis alkaline pH: pH ntau dua 7.
Nws txhais li cas thaum tus nqi pH yog alkaline?
  • Tias ib yam khoom yog alkaline txhais tau hais tias nws tsis zoo hauv H+ (los yog nplua nuj hauv OH hauv paus-, uas neutralize H+).
  • Rau tag nrho cov no, Bases, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog cov khoom uas muaj pH ntau dua 7., uas nyob rau hauv aqueous daws feem ntau muab hydroxyl ions (OH-) nyob nruab nrab. Lawv zoo li muaj zog oxidants, uas yog, lawv hnov ​​​​mob nrog protons los ntawm ib puag ncig nruab nrab.

Dab tsi yog acidity thiab alkalinity?

Dab tsi yog acidity thiab alkalinity hauv zaub mov

Tom qab ntawd, hauv daim vis dis aus koj yuav raug ceeb toom txog qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom noj uas peb haus ib hnub dhau ib hnub tab sis,

  • Koj puas tau xav tias vim li cas qee qhov tsw tau txais peb cov xim ntau dua li lwm tus?
  • Flavors xws li ntsev, qhob cij, dej qab zib, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txawm tias kua ntses.
  • Dab tsi yog vim nws?
  • Peb yuav piav qhia txhua yam no thiab ntau ntxiv rau koj tam sim no hauv kev kaw.
Dab tsi yog acidity thiab alkalinity hauv zaub mov

Theories ntawm acidic thiab yooj yim pH

acidic thiab yooj yim pH
acidic thiab yooj yim pH

Acid-base theories ntawm pH

Arrhenius pH Theory yog dab tsi?

arrhenius txoj kev xav pH acids thiab bases
arrhenius txoj kev xav pH acids thiab bases

npaj los ntawm Swedish Svante Arrhenius nyob rau xyoo 1884, yog thawj lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus hauv cov ntsiab lus molecular.

Arrhenius acid ph txoj kev xav

Cov khoom uas dissociates hauv dej los tsim hydrogen cations (H+).

Arrhenius Basic pH txoj kev xav

Cov khoom uas dissociates hauv dej los tsim hydroxide anions (OH-).

ARRHENIUS txoj kev xav yog dab tsi yog acid? Lub hauv paus yog dab tsi?

Arrhenius acid thiab theem pib pH txoj kev xav video

https://youtu.be/sHTN9jciLrU
Arrhenius acidic thiab pH txoj kev xav

Brønsted-Lowry ph txoj kev xav

Brønsted-Lowry txoj kev xav ntawm pH yog dab tsi?

pH acid-base theory Brønsted-Lowry
pH acid-base theory Brønsted-Lowry

Tshaj tawm hauv 1923 ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm Danish Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted thiab lus Askiv martin lowry, yog raws li lub tswv yim ntawm conjugate acid-base khub.

Thaum cov kua qaub, HA, reacts nrog lub hauv paus, B, cov kua qaub tsim nws lub hauv paus conjugate, A.-, thiab lub hauv paus tsim nws cov conjugate acid, HB+, los ntawm kev sib pauv ib qho proton (cation H+):

HA+B⇌A-+HB+

Brønsted-Lowry acid ph txoj kev xav

Tshuaj pH acid: muaj peev xwm pub dawb protons (H+) rau lub hauv paus:

HA+H2O⇌A-+H3O+

Basic pH kev tshawb xav Brønsted-Lowry

Tshuaj nrog pH yooj yim: muaj peev xwm lees txais protons (H+Acid):

B+H2O⇌HB+OH-

Qhov kev xav no yog suav tias yog ib kev hais dav dav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm Arrhenius.

BRÖNSTED-LOWRY THEORY Dab tsi yog acid? Lub hauv paus yog dab tsi?

pH txoj kev xav video BRÖNSTED-LOWRY

https://youtu.be/Uo2UVgVOq-0
Ph BRÖNSTED-LOWRY txoj kev xav

Kev ua haujlwm txhais ntawm kev ntsuas pH

acidic thiab yooj yim pH zaub mov
acidic thiab yooj yim pH zaub mov

ACIDITY thiab ALKALINITY yog dab tsi?

acidic thiab pH yooj yim txhais li cas?

Dab tsi yog acidic thiab pH yooj yim?
litmus ntawv los ntsuas pH
litmus ntawv los ntsuas pH

acid pH

  • Hauv thawj qhov chaw, peb tuaj yeem nrhiav kev daws teeb meem nrog acidic pH: ib yam khoom uas tig xiav litmus daim ntawv liab, reacts nrog qee cov hlau, tsim cov ntsev thiab tso tawm hydrogen (exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv).
  • Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj nrog acidic pH qiv tus nqi ntawm 0 thiab 7.

tus nqi pH

phenolphthalein los ntsuas pH
phenolphthalein los ntsuas pH
  • Qhov thib ob, muaj cov Base pH: Cov tshuaj uas hloov xim liab litmus daim ntawv xiav thiab hloov liab liab thaum hnov ​​​​mob nrog phenolphthalein.
  • Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhia tias lawv muaj pH ntawm 7 thiab 14.

nruab nrab pH

nruab nrab pH
nruab nrab pH
  • Thaum kawg, cov khoom siv nrog kev ntsuas pH nruab nrab yog ib qho uas tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog cov ntsuas acid-base.
  • Tsis tas li ntawd, pH ntawm cov tshuaj no yog sib npaug rau 7.

Cov tshuaj muaj zog acidic pH

acid pH tshuaj
acid pH tshuaj
qhov sib txawv ntawm acidic ph thiab poh

Kev ntsuas cov kua qaub hauv pH

Yuav ua li cas acidic nqi nyob rau hauv lub pH

  • Cov kua qaub tso tawm hydrogen ions, yog li lawv cov kev daws teeb meem muaj hydrogen ions ntau dua li cov dej nruab nrab thiab suav tias yog acidic hauv qab pH 7.

Dab tsi yog cov khoom muaj zog acid pH tshaj plaws

hydrochloric acid pas dej ua ke
Dab tsi yog hydrochloric acid siv rau hauv cov pas dej da dej?

Muaj tsuas yog xya hom muaj zog acids:

  1. - Hydrochloric acid HCl
  2. - nitric acid HNO3
  3. - sulfuric acid H2SO4
  4. - hydrobromic acid HBr
  5. - HI hydroiodic acid
  6. - perchloric acid HClO4
  7. - chloric acid HClO3
muaj zog acid pH
muaj zog acid pH

Muaj zog acid pH formula

muaj zog acid pH formula

Muaj zog acid pH formula: [HNO3] = [H3O+], and pH = -log[H3O+].

xam ph online muaj zog acid

Xam cov pH ntawm cov kua qaub muaj zog.

mis nyuj rau xam muaj zog acid pH

Cov tshuaj muaj zog pH

yooj yim pH tshuaj
yooj yim pH tshuaj

Kev ntsuas cov ntsiab lus hauv pH

qhov sib txawv ntawm theem pib ph thiab poh

Yuav ua li cas acidic nqi nyob rau hauv lub pH

Cov yam ntxwv yam khoom nrog lub hauv paus pH

  • Bases txais hydrogen ions (khi rau qee qhov ntawm cov hydrogen ions tsim los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm dej), yog li lawv cov kev daws teeb meem muaj cov hydrogen ions tsawg dua li cov dej nruab nrab thiab suav tias yog qhov yooj yim tshaj pH 7.
yooj yim ph
yooj yim ph

Formula los xam muaj zog pH yooj yim

muaj zog acid pH formula

Muaj zog acid pH formula: [HNO3] = [H3O+], and pH = -log[H3O+].

Dab tsi yog cov khoom muaj zog acid pH tshaj plaws

Kuj tsis muaj ntau lub hauv paus muaj zog, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv tsis soluble hauv dej. Cov uas yog soluble yog

muaj zog acid pH khoom
muaj zog acid pH khoom
  • - sodium hydroxide NaOH
  • - potassium hydroxide KOH
  • - lithium hydroxide LiOH
  • - Rubidium hydroxide RbOH
  • - Cesium hydroxide CsOH

Muaj zog puag pH xam

Kev suav ntawm muaj zog puag pH

Xam cov pH ntawm cov tshuaj muaj zog hauv paus.

Cov tshuaj thiab cov qauv uas tsis muaj zog acidic lossis pH yooj yim

pH ntawm qaug zog acids thiab bases
pH ntawm qaug zog acids thiab bases

Yuav ua li cas cov pH qhov tseem ceeb acid / qaug zog puag

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsis muaj zog acids thiab cov hauv paus yog tias lawv yog ib feem dissociated nyob rau hauv dej. Ib qho kev sib npaug yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem rau pem hauv ntej thiab thim rov qab, mus txog lub xeev khov kho nyob rau hauv uas cov degree ntawm dissociation nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm cov kua qaub los yog puag.

cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj zog acids thiab bases
cov yam ntxwv tsis muaj zog acids thiab bases

Tsis muaj zog acids/bases tsuas yog ib feem dissociate nyob rau hauv dej. Nrhiav pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis.

tsis muaj zog acid pH
tsis muaj zog acid pH

Tsis muaj acid pH Formula

tsis muaj zog acid pH formula

Qhov sib npaug pH tseem zoo ib yam: pH = -log[H^+], tab sis koj yuav tsum siv lub acid dissociation tas li (Ka) mus nrhiav [H+].

Cov mis rau Ka yog:
K_a = \frac{[H^+][B^-]}{[HB]}

qhov twg:
[H^+] - concentration ntawm H + ions
[B^-] - concentration ntawm conjugated puag ions
[HB] - concentration ntawm undissociated acid molecules
rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv HB \leftrightarrow H^+ + B^-

Xam pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog.

Xam pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog.

Xam pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog.
tsis muaj zog pH
tsis muaj zog pH

Tsis muaj zog pH formula

Cov qauv kom tau txais pH ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog

Yuav ua li cas pH ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog suav?

Tom qab tau txais pOH los ntawm cov qauv pOH saum toj no, lub pH Koj tuaj yeem ua tau suav siv tus qauv pH = pKw - pOH qhov twg pK w = 14.00.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi ntawm pH thiab pOH yog dab tsi

qhov txawv ntawm ph thiab poh

Qhov sib txawv ntawm pH thiab poH ntsuas

ph thiab poh tus nqi ntsuas
ph thiab poh tus nqi ntsuas

Tus nqi pH li cas yog dab tsi?

  • Hauv ib txoj kev, pH yog qhov ntsuas qhov ntawd siv los tsim cov qib ntawm acidity lossis alkalinity ntawm kev daws. Lub "p" sawv cev rau "muaj peev xwm", uas yog vim li cas pH hu ua: muaj peev xwm ntawm hydrogen.

Tus nqi pOH yog dab tsi?

  • Rau koj ib feem. pOH yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov concentration ntawm hydroxyl ions hauv cov tshuaj. Nws yog qhia raws li lub hauv paus 10 tsis zoo logarithm ntawm hydroxyl ion concentration thiab, tsis zoo li pH, yog siv los ntsuas cov alkalinity theem ntawm kev daws.

Xam pH tsis muaj zog

Kev suav cov pH tsis muaj zog

xam pH tsis muaj zog

Cov txheeb ze zog ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus

Cov txheeb ze zog ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus
Cov txheeb ze zog ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj zog thiab qaug zog acidic thiab pH yooj yim

tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog acidic thiab yooj yim pH yam ntxwv
tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog acidic thiab yooj yim pH yam ntxwv

Dab tsi yog categorization ntawm muaj zog thiab qaug zog acidic thiab pH yooj yim nyob ntawm?

Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas ionized los yog dissociated ib cov kua qaub los yog lub hauv paus, peb paub qhov txawv ntawm muaj zog thiab qaug zog acids / bases, cov nqe lus uas piav txog qhov yooj yim rau tsav tsheb la hluav taws xob (ua tsaug rau qhov muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ntawm ions hauv cov tshuaj).

QHOV TSEEM CEEB THIAB TSIS TXAUS SIAB THIAB BASES kev faib tawm, qib kev sib cais thiab pH Piv txwv

Kev faib tawm pH tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog acid thiab bastion

QHOV TSEEM CEEB THIAB TSIS TXAUS SIAB THIAB BASES kev faib tawm, qib kev sib cais thiab pH Piv txwv

Degree ntawm ionization ntawm acidic thiab yooj yim pH

pH xam ionization ntawm acids thiab bases
pH xam ionization ntawm acids thiab bases

Dab tsi yog qhov degree ntawm ionization los yog dissociation ntawm acidic thiab yooj yim pH

Kuj hu ua degree ntawm dissociation, α, yog txhais raws li qhov sib piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm ionized acid / puag thiab tus nqi ntawm thawj acid / puag:

ááα = tus nqi ntawm ionized acid / puag / tus nqi ntawm thawj acid / puag

Nws feem ntau yog qhia raws li feem pua ​​(%).

Qhov degree ntawm ionization lossis dissociation ntawm acidic thiab pH yooj yim txhais li cas?

https://youtu.be/D_Q6jzyDJDo
https://youtu.be/D_Q6jzyDJDo

muaj zog acids thiab bases

Siab ionized (α≈1). Lawv ua hluav taws xob zoo.

  • Acids: HClO4, HI(aq), HBr(aq), HCl(aq), H2SO4 (1st ionization) thiab HNO3.
  • Bases: Hydroxides ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau.

Tsis muaj acids thiab bases

Ib nrab ionized: α<1. Lawv ua hluav taws xob tsis zoo.

  • Acids: HF (aq), H2S(aq), H2CO3, H2SO3, H3PO4, H.N.O.2 thiab organic acids, xws li CH3COOH.
  • Basis: NH3 (los yog NH4OH) thiab nitrogenous organic hauv paus, xws li amines.

Dissociation tas li pH acids thiab bases

Dab tsi yog qhov dissociation tas li ntawm qhov pib thiab acidic pH?

Nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm lub zog ntawm a acid / puag hauv kev daws:

ACIDNQI
NYIAJHA+H2O⇌A-+H3O+B+H2O⇌HB+OH-
CONSTANTKa=[A−][H3O+][HA]Kb=[HB+][OH−][B]
COLOGARHYTHMpKa = -log⁡KapKb=-log⁡Kb
Acid-base dissociation tas li thiab pH

txheeb ze zog ntawm acidic thiab yooj yim pH

Acid thiab yooj yim pH tsis tu ncua

pH acid puag txheeb ze zog

Ion balance ntawm dej

dab tsi yog amphoteric
dab tsi yog amphoteric

Dab tsi yog amphoteric

amphoteric dab tsi yog lawv

Hauv chemistry, cov tshuaj amphoteric yog ib qho uas tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob li cov kua qaub lossis lub hauv paus.cov

lo lus tuaj qhov twg amphoteric

Lo lus muab los ntawm Greek prefix amphi- (αμφu-), txhais tau tias 'ob leeg'. Ntau cov hlau (xws li zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, thiab beryllium) thiab feem ntau metalloids muaj oxides los yog hydroxides amphoteric.

Dej yog ib yam khoom amphiprotic
Dej yog ib yam khoom amphiprotic

Dej yog ib yam khoom amphiprotic 

Nws txhais li cas dej yog ib yam khoom amphiprotic 

El dej yog ib yam khoom amphiprotic tshuaj ( tuaj yeem pub dawb lossis txais ib qho proton H+), uas tso cai rau nws ua raws li cov kua qaub los yog lub hauv paus (amphotericism).

Dej ionic balance formula

dej yog amphiprotic
dej yog amphiprotic

El ionic tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm cov dej hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas ob dej molecules react los tsim ib tug ion oxonium (H3O+) thiab ion hydroxide (AW-):

Lub equilibrium tas li, hu ua ionic khoom ntawm dej, thiab denoted los ntawm Kw, tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm cov khoom:

Kw=[H3O+][OH−]

Ntawm 25 ° C:

[H3O+]=[OH−]=10−7M⇒Kw=10−14

pH, pOH thiab ionic khoom ntawm dej (Kw). ACID-BASE

Acid-base pH ntsuas

Acid-base pH ntsuas
Acid-base pH ntsuas

Un qhov taw qhia pH yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg halochromic (hloov nws cov xim -khoov- ua ntej kev hloov pauv hauv pH) uas tau ntxiv rau qhov me me rau kev daws teeb meem txhawm rau txhawm rau pom nws cov pH (acidity lossis hauv paus). Kev hloov xim hu ua tig.

Litmus

Cov dej-soluble sib tov sib txawv dyes muab rho tawm los ntawm ntawv tso cai. Absorbed ntawm daim ntawv lim nws yog ib qho ntawm cov pH qub tshaj plaws uas siv (∼ 1300).

Methyl txiv kab ntxwv

Colorant azo derivative ua uas hloov los ntawm liab mus rau txiv kab ntxwv-daj nyob rau hauv kua qaub nruab nrab:

Phenolphthalein

Qhov taw qhia pH tsis muaj xim hauv cov kua qaub nruab nrab uas hloov xim liab hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab:

universal qhia

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsuas (thymol xiav, methyl liab, bromothymol xiav, thiab phenolphthalein) uas nthuav tawm xim me ntsis hloov ntau yam ntawm pH qhov tseem ceeb.

universal pH qhia
universal pH qhia

Acid-base neutralization titrations

pH neutralization volumetry
pH neutralization volumetry

Acid-base titration / titration yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kom muaj nuj nqis

Yuav ua li cas yog acid thiab basci pH titration tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txoj kev

Una acid-base titration / titration yog ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom muaj nuj nqis rau kev txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub lossis lub hauv paus (tshuaj ntsuam), neutralizing nws raws nraim nrog cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus los yog kua qaub ntawm paub concentration (siab tawv).

volumetric flask acid thiab yooj yim pH neutralization
volumetric flask acid thiab yooj yim pH neutralization

Titration / titration nkhaus ntawm 25 mL ntawm 0.1 M acetic acid nrog 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.

Neutralization: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus

neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids thiab bases
neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids thiab bases

Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj sib tov cov kua qaub thiab ib lub hauv paus?

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus yog hu ua neutralization.

  • Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neutralization feem ntau yog exothermic. que txhais tias que Lawv muab tawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub.
  •  Se nws feem ntau hu lawv neutralization vim thaum reacting a kua qaub nrog ib tug puag,
  • Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids thiab bases yog hu ua neutralization. thiab ntau dua los yog tsawg dua tshem tawm cov kua qaub los yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ob lub tebchaw, uas yog, lawv neutralize ib leeg lub zog. ua dej thiab ntsev xwb.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus neutralizes nws tus kheej, pH tsis tas yuav ua nruab nrab.

  • Yog vim li cas qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus neutralizes nws tus kheej pH tsis tas yuav ua rau nruab nrab yog txhawb nqa. vim nws yog los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kua qaub thiab/los yog lub hauv paus uas pH yog thaum kawg txiav txim.
  • Xwb, Yog tus nqi ntawm H+ thiab OH- yog tib yam, qhov kev daws yuav ua rau nruab nrab vim tias lawv hnov ​​​​mob ib leeg los ua dej (H+ +OH- → H20).

Raws li tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus reacting, plaub kis tau txawv:

  1. Pib muaj zog acid + muaj zog puag
  2. tsis muaj zog acid + muaj zog puag
  3. muaj zog acid + tsis muaj zog puag
  4. Thiab thaum kawg, tsis muaj zog acid + qaug zog puag

Dab tsi yog acidic thiab yooj yim pH neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv?

Nyob rau hauv ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm neutralization, ib qho kua qaub thiab ib puag ncig ua rau tib yam irreversible los tsim ib qho ntsev thiab dej:

ACID + BASE ⚫ NOJ + Dej

Neutralization thiab kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid-base

Nyob ntawm seb lub titrant yog cov kua qaub lossis lub hauv paus, pH ntawm qhov sib npaug yuav yog:

ANALYTE/VALUANTmuaj zog / muaj zogTsis muaj zog Acid / Strong BaseTsis muaj zog / Muaj zog Acid
pH (EQUIVALENCE)7> 7<7
INDICATOR (tig hauv nruab nrab)nruab nrabPibHnyav
Neutralization thiab kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid-base

Yuav ua li cas xam cov pH ntawm kev daws

ph nqi scale formula
ph nqi scale formula

Tus qauv rau pH yog dab tsi?

Hauv kev tshawb fawb, pH yog qhov ntsuas ntawm ions hauv kev daws teeb meem. Tej zaum koj yuav tau xam cov pH raws li qhov concentration.

Formula rau xam pH

Xam pH siv qhov sib npaug pH: pH = -log[H3O+].

pH tshuab xam zauv rau cov pas dej da dej

pH tshuab xam zauv

Pas ph laij lej thiab tu app

Video xam pH ntawm kev daws

Xyoo 1909, Danish biochemist Soren Sorensen tau thov lub sijhawm pH los qhia txog "muaj peev xwm ntawm hydrogen ion". Nws txhais pH raws li lub logarithm ntawm [H +] hloov hauv kos npe. Redefining raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm [H3O+].

xam pH ntawm kev daws

Solution pH Tshuab xam zauv

Solution pH Tshuab xam zauv
Solution pH Tshuab xam zauv

Lub pH ntawm lub tshuab xam zauv

Xam cov pH ntawm cov tshuaj

Hauv qab no yog ob lub laij lej koj tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov lus teb rau cov teeb meem chemistry.

  1. Thawj xam cov pH ntawm ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm muaj zog acid o lub hauv paus muaj zog.
  2. Thiab, qhov thib ob xam cov pH ntawm ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm qaug zog acid o tsis muaj zog puag.

Xam cov pH ntawm cov kua qaub / cov kua qaub

Lub laij lej rau pH ntawm cov tshuaj muaj zog acid / puag

[planetcalc cid=»8830″ language=»es»code=»» label=»PLANETCALC, Lub pH ntawm ib tug muaj zog acid/base kua» xim =»#263238,#435863,#090c0d,#fa7014,#fb9b5a, # c25004" v = "4165"]

Xam pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog / puag

Lub laij lej rau pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog / puag

[planetcalc cid=»8834″ language=»es»code=»» label=»PLANETCALC, Lub pH ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog / cov kua qaub» xim =»#263238,#435863,#090c0d,#fa7014,#fb9b5a, # c25004" v = "4165"]

Pas dej ntim los yog litres lub laij lej