E lele i ka papahana
ʻOk Pool Reform

He aha ka manaʻo o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu?

Acid a me pH kumu: E ʻike i nā waiwai a me ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi waiwai a i ʻole kekahi e pili ana i ka hopena (e pili ana i nā loko ʻauʻau).

ʻAkika a me nā kumu pH kumu
ʻO nā manaʻo acid-base o ka pH

En ʻOk Pool Reform, ma keia pauku iloko o ka Nā wai ʻauʻau pae pH E hana mākou i kēia nīnau: He aha ka manaʻo o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu?

He aha ka pH i loko o ka loko wai a pehea kona mau pae?

pae wai pH

He aha ka pae pH wai a pehea e hoʻomalu ai

ph pool kiʻekiʻe hāʻule

He aha ke ʻano o ka pH kūpono no nā loko ʻauʻau (7,2-7,4)

ʻO ka acronym pH ke kū nei no ka hydrogen hiki ke loaʻa a he ana ia e hōʻike ana i ka ʻakika a i ʻole ke kumu o ka wai.

No laila, ʻO ka pH e pili ana i ka hiki o ka hydrogen, kahi waiwai e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion hydrogen i loko o ka wai i loko o kou loko wai a no laila ʻo ia ka coefficient e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka acidity a i ʻole ke kumu o ka wai. No laila, ʻo ka pH ke kuleana o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion H+ i loko o ka wai, e hoʻoholo ana i kona ʻano ʻakika a kumu.

ʻO ka nui o nā waiwai pH o ka wai ʻauʻau

ph alkaline i loko o ka loko
ʻO nā kumu o ka like ʻole o ka pae pH maikaʻi ma nā loko ʻauʻau
ʻO ka nui o nā waiwai pH o ka wai ʻauʻau

He aha nā waiwai i loaʻa i ka pākaukau pH wai wai?

  • Aia ka helu pH i nā waiwai mai 0 a 14.
  • ʻO ka 0 ka acidic loa, 14 ka mea maʻamau a kau i ka pH Neutral ma 7.
  • Hoʻoholo ʻia kēia ana e ka helu o nā ion hydrogen manuahi (H+) i loko o ka mea.
No ke aha mākou e pono ai i ka pH?
No ke aha mākou e pono ai i ka pH?

No ke aha mākou e pono ai i ka pH?

ʻO ka pH kahi ana i hoʻohana ʻia e kuhikuhi i ka ʻakika a i ʻole ke kumu o kahi hoʻonā wai. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai wai ma ke ʻano he ʻakika a i ʻole ke kumu e pili ana i kāna ʻike o nā ion hydrogen (H+).

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka wai maʻemaʻe a me ka wai kūlohelohe kekahi mau ion hydrogen ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai.

H_2O \loihi hema hema H^+ + OH^-

Ua ʻike ʻia ma ke kaulike ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau (750 mmHg a me 25 ° C), 1 L o ka wai maʻemaʻe 10^{-7} mole H^+ y 10^{-7} mole OH^- ʻO nā ion, no laila, ʻo ka wai ma ka mahana maʻamau a me ke kaomi (STP) he pH o 7.

He aha kāu e hana ai inā ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pH o kā mākou loko

kiʻekiʻe ph pool fallout

E ʻike i nā hopena wai kiʻekiʻe pH a me nā kumu o ka pH kiʻekiʻe i kāu loko

Nā alakaʻi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka loko wai i ka pH: ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka disinfection

Pehea ka pH o ka hoʻonā?

pH o kahi hoʻonā
pH o kahi hoʻonā

pH o kahi hoʻonā

ʻO ka pH ka "hydrogen potential" a i ʻole "mana o ka hydrogen." ʻO ka pH ka ʻino o ka logarithm kumu 10 o ka hana hydrogen ion.
\ce {pH} = -\log_{10}(a_{\ce {H^+}})=\log10}\left({\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {H^+ }}} }}\akau)

Eia nō naʻe, i ka hapa nui o nā pilikia kemika ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻohana i ka hana o nā ion hydrogen, akā ʻo ka molar concentration a molarity.

ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā waiwai ph a me poh

Pehea nā ʻokoʻa pH

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, pono ʻoe e ʻike he logarithmic ka pae pH.

No laila, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ka 'oko'a ma kekahi 'ano 'oko'a ma ke kauoha o ka nui, a i 'ole he 'umi manawa a inversely hō'ike 'ana i ka 'ike o nā iona hydrogen i loko o ka ho'onā.

No laila, ʻo ka pH haʻahaʻa e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā ion hydrogen a me ka hope.

He aha ka manaʻo o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu?

He aha nā mea ʻakika a me nā pūhui kumu i ka pH

ʻO nā ʻakika ikaika a me nā kumu ikaika he pūhui ia, no nā kumu hana āpau, e hoʻokaʻawale loa i kā lākou mau ion i ka wai.

No laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke ʻano o nā ion hydrogen i loko o ia mau haʻina e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka waikawa.

Maʻalahi ka helu ʻana o ka pH
pH=-log_{10}[H^+]

He ʻokoʻa ka helu ʻana o ka pH me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike molar no ka ʻakika ikaika/base a me ka ʻakika nāwaliwali/base.

ʻAkika, kūʻokoʻa a me ka alkaline pH waiwai

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pālākiō o nā waiwai pH

pālākiō pH
pālākiō pH

He aha nā waiwai pH

he aha ka loko ph
he aha ka ph pisci6

ʻO ka pālākiō pH mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 14, me ka pH 7 he hopena kūʻokoʻa.

No laila, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka pH kahi waiwai i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pālākiō logarithmic ma waena o nā waiwai 0 (ʻākaʻikaʻi loa) a me 14 (alkaline loa); Ma waena, ʻike mākou i ka waiwai 7 i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa.

Hōʻike pH ākea ākea

Hōʻike pH ākea ākea
Hōʻike pH ākea ākea

He aha ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pae pH acidic a alkaline paha?

He aha nā ʻakika a me nā kumu?

ʻO nā ʻakika a me nā kumu he mau mea i loko o ke ʻano a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou pae pH, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ko lākou pae o ka acidity a i ʻole alkalinity. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā he ʻakika a alkaline paha kekahi mea e ka degere o ka ʻakika a i ʻole ka alkalinity i ana ʻia ma ka pālākiō pH a mai ka 0 (ʻakika loa a hiki i ka 14 (alkaline loa). akā naʻe, he nui nā hana ʻoihana a me ke kanaka.

Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea ma muli o ka nui o nā waiwai pH

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea i loko o nā waikawa a i ʻole nā ​​alkalines e like me ka waiwai pH

Pēlā nō, ʻo ka acidity a me ka alkalinity nā huaʻōlelo ʻelua e pane i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hopena o kekahi mea.

he aha ke ano o ka pool ph value
he aha ke ano o ka pool ph value
  • Pela no, ke koi hou aku nei makou, ʻO ka pālākiō pH mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 14, me ka pH 7 he hopena kūʻokoʻa.
  • Inā emi ka pH ma lalo o 7, he ʻakika ka hopena., ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waika e emi iho ka waiwai pH no ia kumu a ʻākika ʻO ia ka mea kemika hiki ke hāʻawi i nā protons (H+) i kekahi kemika.
  • Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, inā ʻoi aku ka pH ma mua o 7, ua kapa ʻia ka hoʻonā kumu (a i ʻole alkaline) a e lilo ia i mea maʻamau a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona pH; a e like me ka mea i hoikeia mai kumu ʻO ia ka mea kemika hiki ke hopu i nā protons (H+) o kekahi kemika.

He aha ka alkaline a kumu paha e like me ka pālākiō pH

nā huahana waiwai ph
nā huahana waiwai ph

He aha nā mea ʻakika?

  • Pae pH ʻakika: pH emi ma lalo o 7
He aha ka manaʻo he waika ka pH waiwai?
  • ʻO ka ʻakika o kahi mea, ʻo ia hoʻi he waiwai ia i ka H+ (iona hydrogen): ʻoi aku ka pH ma mua o 7
  • No laila, ʻO nā waikawa nā mea me ka pH ma lalo o 7. (pH o ka wai e like me 7, i manaoia he ku ole), nona na kemika he nui na iona hydrogen ke hookomo i ka wai. Hoʻopili pinepine lākou me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka nalowale ʻana o nā protons (H+).

He aha nā mea kūʻokoʻa?

  • Waiwai pH kūʻokoʻa: pH like me 7-
He aha ka manaʻo o ka pH kūʻokoʻa?
  • ʻO ka pH kahi ana o ke ʻano o ka ʻakika/maʻa o ka wai.
  • Mai ka 0 a hiki i ka 14 ka laulā, me ka 7 i kū ʻole.

He aha nā mea alkaline?

  • Nā mea me ke kumu a i ʻole ka pH alkaline: ʻoi aku ka pH ma mua o 7.
He aha ka manaʻo inā he alkaline ka waiwai pH?
  • ʻO ka alkaline ka mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻilihune ia i ka H+ (a waiwai paha i nā kumu OH-, ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i ka H+).
  • No kēia mau mea a pau, ʻO nā kumu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mau mea me ka pH ʻoi aku ma mua o 7., i loko o nā hā'ina wai e hā'awi mau i nā ion hydroxyl (OH-) ma ka waena. He mau oxidants ikaika lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hana nei lākou me nā protons mai ka mea a puni.

He aha ka acidity a me ka alkalinity?

He aha ka acidity a me ka alkalinity i ka meaʻai

A laila, ma ke wikiō e ʻike ʻia ʻoe e pili ana i ka helu pau ʻole o nā meaʻai a mākou e ʻai ai i kēlā me kēia lā akā,

  • Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe no ke aha e hopu ai kekahi mau mea ʻono i ko mākou manaʻo ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe?
  • ʻO nā mea ʻono e like me ka paʻakai, ka berena, nā mea inu ʻoluʻolu, nā wai, a me nā ʻuala.
  • No ke aha?
  • E wehewehe mākou i kēia mau mea a me nā mea hou aku iā ʻoe i kēia manawa ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.
He aha ka acidity a me ka alkalinity i ka meaʻai

Nā manaʻo o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu

ʻakika a me ka pH kumu
ʻakika a me ka pH kumu

ʻO nā manaʻo acid-base o ka pH

He aha ka Arrhenius pH Theory?

arrhenius theory pH acids and bases
arrhenius theory pH acids and bases

ʻōlelo ʻia e ka Suedese Svante Arrhenius i ka makahiki 1884, ʻo ia ka wehewehe mua loa o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu ma nā huaʻōlelo molekala.

Arrhenius acid ph theory

ʻO ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka wai e hana i nā cation hydrogen (H+).

Arrhenius kumu kumu pH theory

ʻO ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka wai e hana i nā anion hydroxide (OH-).

ARRHENIUS THEORY He aha ka ʻakika? He aha ke kahua?

ʻO Arrhenius acid a me ka wikiō kumu pH kumu

https://youtu.be/sHTN9jciLrU
ʻO Arrhenius acidic a me ke kumu pH kumu

Brønsted-Lowry ph theory

He aha ke kumumanaʻo Brønsted-Lowry o ka pH?

pH acid-base theory Brønsted-Lowry
pH acid-base theory Brønsted-Lowry

Noi ʻia i ka makahiki 1923 kūʻokoʻa e ka Denemaka Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted a me ka ʻōlelo Pelekania martin lowry, ma muli o ka manaʻo o conjugate acid-base pairs.

Ke hui ka waika, HA, me ke kumu, B, lilo ka waika i kona kumu hui, A.-, a hoʻokumu ke kumu i kona ʻakika conjugate, HB+, ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi proton (cation H+):

HA+B⇌A−+HB+

Brønsted-Lowry acid ph theory

Mea pH acid: hiki ke hāʻawi i nā protons (H+) i kumu:

HA+H2O⇌A−+H3O+

ʻO ka manaʻo pH kumu ʻo Brønsted-Lowry

Mea me ka pH kumu: hiki ke ʻae i nā protons (H+) o ka waika:

B+H2O⇌HB++OH−

Manaʻo ʻia kēia manaʻo a laulaha ʻana o ka manao o ʻO Arrhenius.

BRÖNSTED-LOWRY THEORY He aha ka ʻakika? He aha ke kahua?

wikiō kumukānāwai pH BRÖNSTED-LOWRY

https://youtu.be/Uo2UVgVOq-0
Ph BRÖNSTED-LOWRY manaʻo

Nā wehewehe hana o nā ana pH hiki

meaʻai ʻakika a me ka pH kumu
meaʻai ʻakika a me ka pH kumu

He aha ka ACIDITY a me ka ALKALINITY?

He aha ka manaʻo o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu?

He aha ka acidic a me ka pH kumu?
pepa litmus e ana i ka pH
pepa litmus e ana i ka pH

ʻakika pH

  • ʻO ka mua, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi hopena me ka pH ʻakika: kahi mea e hoʻohuli ai i ka pepa litmus uliuli i ʻulaʻula, e hoʻopili me kekahi mau metala, e hana i ka paʻakai a hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen (exothermic reaction).
  • Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea me ka pH acidic e hāʻawi i kahi waiwai ma waena o 0 a me 7.

kumu waiwai pH

phenolphthalein e ana i ka pH
phenolphthalein e ana i ka pH
  • ʻO ka lua, aia nā PH kumu: He mea e hoʻololi i ka pepa litmus ʻulaʻula i polū a lilo i ʻulaʻula ke hana ʻia me ka phenolphthalein.
  • Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike i ka waiwai pH ma waena o 7 a me 14.

kūlike ʻole pH

pH kūʻole
pH kūʻole
  • ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka mea me kahi ana pH kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ia e pane me nā hōʻailona acid-base.
  • Eia kekahi, ua like ka pH o kēia mau mea me 7.

Nā mea me ka pH acidic ikaika

nā mea pH acid
nā mea pH acid
ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka acidic ph a me ka poh

ʻO nā ana o nā haʻina waika ma ka pH

Pehea ka nui o nā waiwai acidic i ka pH

  • Hoʻokuʻu nā ʻakika i nā ion hydrogen, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ion hydrogen i loko o kā lākou mau hāʻina wai ma mua o ka wai kū ʻole a manaʻo ʻia he ʻakika ma lalo o ka pH 7.

He aha nā huahana pH acid ikaika maʻamau

ʻEhiku wale nō nā ʻakika ikaika maʻamau:

  1. – ka waikona hydrochloric HCl
  2. – ʻakika nitric HNO3
  3. – ʻakika sulfuric H2SO4
  4. - ka waika hydrobromic HBr
  5. – HI hydroiodic acid
  6. – perchloric acid HClO4
  7. – chloric acid HClO3
pH ʻakika ikaika
pH ʻakika ikaika

ʻO ke kumu pH waika ikaika

kaha pH ʻakika ikaika

ʻO ke kumu pH waika ikaika: [HNO3] = [H3O+], a me ka pH = -log[H3O+].

E helu i ka ph waika ikaika ma ka pūnaewele

E helu i ka pH o ka waiʻakika ikaika.

ka hoʻohālikelike e helu ai i ka pH waika ikaika

Nā mea me ka pH kumu ikaika

nā mea pH kumu
nā mea pH kumu

Nā ana o nā haʻina kumu ma ka pH

ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ph kumu a me ka poh

Pehea ka nui o nā waiwai acidic i ka pH

Nā mea waiwai me ka pH kumu

  • ʻAe nā kumu i nā ion hydrogen (e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kekahi o nā ion hydrogen i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai), no laila ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai i loko o ko lākou mau wai wai ma mua o ka wai kū ʻole a manaʻo ʻia he kumu ma luna o ka pH 7.
ikaika kumu ph
ikaika kumu ph

ʻO ke kumu e helu ai i ka pH kumu ikaika

kaha pH ʻakika ikaika

ʻO ke kumu pH waika ikaika: [HNO3] = [H3O+], a me ka pH = -log[H3O+].

He aha nā huahana pH acid ikaika maʻamau

ʻAʻole nui nā kumu ikaika, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka wai. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe

ʻakika ikaika pH mea
ʻakika ikaika pH mea
  • – sodium hydroxide NaOH
  • – ka pāhaʻuha wai koʻikoʻi KOH
  • – lithium hydroxide LiOH
  • – rubidium hydroxide RbOH
  • – cesium hydroxide CsOH

Ka helu pH kumu ikaika

Ka helu ʻana i ka pH kumu ikaika

E helu i ka pH o kahi hoʻonā kumu ikaika.

ʻO nā mea waiwai a me nā ʻano me ka ʻakika nāwaliwali a i ʻole ka pH kumu

pH o nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu
pH o nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu

Pehea ka waiwai o ka pH acid / base weak

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wai. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi equilibrium ma waena o nā kaʻina hana i mua a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, a hiki i kahi kūlana paʻa e pili ana ka degere o ka dissociation i ka ikaika o ka waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu.

nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu
nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻakika/base nāwaliwali i ka wai. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka pH o kahi waika nāwaliwali.

ʻakika palupalu pH
ʻakika palupalu pH

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike pH ʻakika nāwaliwali

ʻano pH ʻakika nāwaliwali

Ua like ka pH hoohalike: pH = -log[H^+], akā pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻakika mau (Ka) e imi [H+].

ʻO ke kumu no Ka penei:
K_a =\frac{[H^+][B^-]}{[HB]}

ma hea:
[H^+] - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ion H+
[B^-] - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ion base conjugated
[HB] - ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā molekole waika i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia
no ka pane HB \akau hema H^+ + B^-

E helu i ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu.

E helu i ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu.

E helu i ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu.
pH kumu nāwaliwali
pH kumu nāwaliwali

Māmā kumu pH kumu

ʻO ke kumu e loaʻa ai ka pH o kahi kumu nāwaliwali

Pehea e helu ʻia ai ka pH o kahi kumu nāwaliwali?

Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pOH mai ka hoʻohālikelike pOH i luna, ʻo ka pH Hiki iā'oe e helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano pH =pKw – pOH kahi pK w = 14.00.

Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka waiwai o ka pH a me ka pOH

ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ph a me ka poh

Ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ana pH a me ka poH

ph a me ka pae waiwai poh
ph a me ka pae waiwai poh

He aha ka waiwai pH maʻamau?

  • Ma kahi ala, he ana ka pH i kēlā hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokumu i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka acidity a i ʻole ka alkalinity o kahi hopena. ʻO ka "p" ke kū nei no "potential", ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ka pH: hiki i ka hydrogen.

He aha ka waiwai pOH?

  • No kou aoao. ʻO ka pOH ke ana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ion hydroxyl i loko o kahi haʻina. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu 10 logarithm maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻona hydroxyl ion a, ʻaʻole like me ka pH, hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka pae alkalinity o kahi hopena.

E helu i ka pH kumu nāwaliwali

Ka helu pH kumu nawaliwali

e helu i ka pH kumu nāwaliwali

Ka ikaika pili o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu

Ka ikaika pili o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu
Ka ikaika pili o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka acidic ikaika a nāwaliwali a me ka pH kumu

nāwaliwali a me ka ikaika acidic a me nā ʻano pH kumu
nāwaliwali a me ka ikaika acidic a me nā ʻano pH kumu

He aha ke kumu o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka acidic ikaika a nāwaliwali a me ka pH kumu?

Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ionized a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waika a i ʻole ka base, ʻokoʻa mākou ma waena nā ʻakika/base ikaika a nāwaliwali, hua'ōlelo e wehewehe ana i ka oluolu i ka hoʻokele la ka lewa (Mahalo i ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o nā ion i loko o ka hopena).

KA IKAIKA IKAIKA A ME KA WEAK ACIDS AME BASE ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, degere o ka dissociation a me ka pH

Hoʻokaʻawale pH nāwaliwali a me ka ikaika ikaika a me ka bastion

KA IKAIKA IKAIKA A ME KA WEAK ACIDS AME BASE ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, degere o ka dissociation a me ka pH

Degere o ka ionization o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu

ka helu pH ionization o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu
ka helu pH ionization o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu

He aha ke ʻano o ka ionization a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu

Kāheaʻia nō hoʻi degere o ka hemo ana, α, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka lakiō ma waena o ka nui o ka waikona ionized/base a me ka nui o ka acid/base mua:

ááα=ka nui o ka waikawa ionized/base/ka nui o ka waika mua/base

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he pākēneka (%).

He aha ke ʻano o ka ionization a i ʻole dissociation o ka ʻakika a me ka pH kumu?

https://youtu.be/D_Q6jzyDJDo
https://youtu.be/D_Q6jzyDJDo

nā ʻakika ikaika a me nā kumu

Ionized piha (α≈1). Hoʻokele maikaʻi lākou i ka uila.

  • Nā ʻakika: HClO4, HI(aq), HBr(aq), HCl(aq), H2SO4 (1st ionization) a me HNO3.
  • Nā kumu: Hydroxides o nā metala lepo alkaline a alkaline.

Nā ʻakika nāwaliwali a me nā kumu

ʻĀpana ionized: α<1. Hana maikaʻi lākou i ka uila.

  • Nā ʻakika: HF(aq), H2S(aq), H2CO3, H2SO3, H3PO4, H.N.O.2 a me nā ʻakika organik, e like me CH3COOH.
  • Kumu: NH3 (a i ʻole NH4OH) a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao nitrogenous, e like me nā amine.

Hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻakika pH mau a me nā kumu

He aha ka dissociation mau o ka pH kumu a me ka waika?

He ana ia o ikaika o a ʻakika/base i ka hoʻonā:

ʻĀKIKAOLELO
KAUKAHA+H2O⇌A−+H3O+B+H2O⇌HB++OH−
MAUKa=[A−][H3O+][HA]Kb=[HB+][OH−][B]
KOLOGARHYTHMpKa=−log⁡KapKb=−log⁡Kb
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waikawa-base mau a me ka pH

Ka ikaika pili o ka acidic a me ka pH kumu

ʻAkika a me ka pH maʻamau

pH acid base ikaika pili

Ion koena o ka wai

he aha nā amphoteric
he aha nā amphoteric

He aha nā amphoteric

amphoteric he aha ia mau mea

Ma ke kemika, ʻo ka mea amphoteric ka mea hiki ke hana like me ka waikawa a i ʻole ke kumu.ʻ

mai hea mai ka ʻōlelo amphoteric

Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo mai ka Greek prefix amphi- (αμφu-), ʻo ia hoʻi 'ʻelua'. Nui nā metala (e like me ka zinc, tin, lead, aluminum, a me beryllium) a me ka hapa nui o nā metalloids oxides a i ʻole hydroxides amphoteric.

He mea amphiprotic ka wai
He mea amphiprotic ka wai

He mea amphiprotic ka wai 

He aha ke ʻano o ka wai he mea amphiprotic 

El agua he mea waiwai amphiprotic (hiki ke hāʻawi a ʻae paha i kahi proton H+), hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano he ʻakika a i ʻole ka base (amphotericism).

ʻO ke ʻano kaulike wai ionic

he amphiprotic ka wai
he amphiprotic ka wai

El koena ionic o ka wai e pili ana i ka hoʻololi kemika i hana ʻia ai nā molekala wai ʻelua e hana i kahi ion oxonium (H3O+) a me kahi ion hydroxide (ʻŌ-):

ʻO ke kaulike kaulike, i kapa ʻia huahana ionic o ka wai, a i hōʻike ʻia e Kw, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka huahana:

Kw=[H3O+][OH−]

Ma 25°C:

[H3O+]=[OH−]=10−7M⇒Kw=10−14

pH, pOH a me ka hua ionic o ka wai (Kw). KĀKĀWAI

Nā hōʻailona pH acid-base

Nā hōʻailona pH acid-base
Nā hōʻailona pH acid-base

Un kuhikuhi ʻO ka pH he hui kemika halochromic (hoʻololi i kona kala -kūlou- ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pH) i hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi i kahi hopena i mea e ʻike maka ai i kona pH (acidity a i ʻole ke kumu kumu). Kapa ʻia ka hoʻololi kala huli.

Litmus

Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai o nā mea pena like ʻole i unuhi ʻia mai lichens. Hoʻopili ʻia ma ka pepa kānana, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona pH kahiko loa i hoʻohana ʻia (∼ 1300).

ʻAlani Methyl

Kākau mea hoʻopuka azo e huli ana mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻalani-melemele ʻanoʻawaʻawa:

Phenolphthalein

Hōʻailona pH kala ʻole i loko o ka ʻakika e hoʻololi i ka ʻulaʻula kumu kumu:

hōʻailona honua

Huina o na hoailona (thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein) e hōʻike ana i nā loli kala ʻoluʻolu ma luna o kahi ākea o nā waiwai pH.

hōʻailona pH honua
hōʻailona pH honua

ʻO nā titrations hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻakika

pH neutralization volumetry
pH neutralization volumetry

ʻO ka titration / titration acid-base kahi ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana kemika nui

He aha ka acid and basci pH titration chemical analysis method

Una titration / titration acid-base he hana hoʻonaʻauao kemika nui no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o kahi ʻakika a i ʻole ke kumu i ʻike ʻia (analyte), hoʻokaʻawale pololei me ka hopena maʻamau o ka base a i ʻole ka waikawa o ka ʻike ʻike ʻia (wiwo ole).

volumetric flask acid a me ka pH neutralization kumu
volumetric flask acid a me ka pH neutralization kumu

ʻO ka pānaʻi titration/titration o 25 mL o 0.1 M acetic acid me 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.

Neutralization: ka hopena ma waena o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻakika a me kahi kumu

ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana ma waena o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu
ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana ma waena o nā ʻakika a me nā kumu

He aha ka hopena inā hui ʻoe i ka ʻakika a me ka base?

ʻO ka pane ʻana ma waena o ka ʻakika a me ke kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo neutralization.

  • ʻO nā hopena neutralization maʻamau he exothermic. que keʻano que Hāʻawi lākou i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka wela.
  •  Se kapa ʻo ia iā lākou ʻo neutralization no ka mea i ka wā e pane ai a ʻākika me kumu,
  • No laila, kapa ʻia ka hopena ma waena o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. a ʻoi aʻe a emi mai paha ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻakika a i ʻole nā ​​waiwai kumu o nā pūhui ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā waiwai o kekahi. e hana ana i ka wai a me ka paʻakai.

ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa a me ka base e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho, ʻaʻole pono ka pH e lilo i kū.

  • ʻO ke kumu o ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa a me ka base e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho ʻaʻole pono e lilo ka pH i kū ʻole no ka mea, ma ka nui o ka waika a/a i ʻole ke kumu i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka pH.
  • Kama, Inā ʻo ka nui o ka H+ a me OH- ua like, lilo ka hoʻonā i ke kūʻokoʻa no ka mea ua hana kekahi i kekahi e hana i ka wai (H+ +OH- →H20).

Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka waika a me ka base reacting, ʻehā mau hihia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia:

  1. ʻO ka ʻakika ikaika mua + kumu ikaika
  2. ʻakika nāwaliwali + kumu ikaika
  3. ʻakika ikaika + kumu nāwaliwali
  4. A ʻo ka hope, ʻakika nāwaliwali + kumu nāwaliwali

He aha ka ʻakika a me ka hopena pH neutralization kumu?

Ma ka pane o hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ua like ka hana a ka waika a me ka base irreversible e hana i ka paʻakai a me ka wai:

ʻĀKIKA + BASE ⟶ PAʻakai + WAI

ʻO ka neutralization a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena acid-base

Ma muli o ka ʻakika ikaika a i ʻole ka base ka titrant, ʻo ka pH ma ka helu kaulike ʻo ia:

ANALYTE/WĀLUAikaika/ikaikaʻAka Nawaliwali/Paʻa PaʻaKumu Nawaliwali/Aka ikaika
pH (EQUIVALENCE)7> 7<7
INDICATOR (huli i ka waena)Kūlike ʻoleKe kumuʻĀkika
ʻO ka neutralization a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hopena acid-base

Pehea e helu ai i ka pH o kahi Solution

ph value scale formula
ph value scale formula

He aha ke kumu no ka pH?

Ma ka ʻepekema, ʻo ka pH ke ana o nā ion i loko o kahi hoʻonā. Pono paha ʻoe e helu i ka pH ma muli o ka ʻike.

Kumu no ka helu ʻana i ka pH

E helu i ka pH me ka hoohalike pH: pH = -log[H3O+].

Helu helu pH no nā loko ʻauʻau

Hoʻohelu wikiō i ka pH o kahi haʻina

I ka makahiki 1909, ua noi ka mea biochemist Denemaka ʻo Soren Sorensen i ka huaʻōlelo pH e hōʻike i ka "kūpono o ka hydrogen ion". Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka pH ma ke ʻano he logaritma o [H+] i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hōʻailona. Ka wehewehe hou ʻana ma ke ʻano he hana o [H3O+].

e helu i ka pH o kahi haʻina

Hoʻoponopono pH Calculator

Hoʻoponopono pH Calculator
Hoʻoponopono pH Calculator

ʻO ka pH o kahi mea helu hoʻonā

E helu i ka pH o kahi haʻina

Aia ma lalo nā helu helu ʻelua hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana e nānā i nā pane i nā pilikia kemika.

  1. Ka helu mua i ka pH o ka hopena o ʻakika ikaika o kahua paʻa.
  2. A, helu ka lua i ka pH o ka hopena o ʻakika nāwaliwali o kumu nāwaliwali.

E helu i ka pH o kahi ʻakika ikaika

Heluhelu no ka pH o ka waiʻakika ikaika

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E helu i ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu/ke kumu

Heluhelu no ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu

[planetcalc cid=»8834″ language=»es» code=»» label=»PLANETCALC, Ka pH o ka waiʻakika palupalu/base solution» kala=»#263238,#435863,#090c0d,#fa7014,#fb9b5a, # c25004″ v=»4165″]

Heluhelu ka nui o ka wai loko